I've put off seriously watching new movies for a couple years, but in my reacquaintance, 12 Years a Slave is one of a very small handful of real masterpieces that I've at least seen from the 2010s and probably top among the American movies I've seen which include only two or three others; The Social Network, Boyhood, and perhaps Lincoln and above all four, the Iranian movie: A Separation. If they are there, I so eagerly look forward to discovering many more.
It should not escape any Jew's attention that 1993 was both the year of Schnidler's List and the Oslo Peace Accords. 1993 was perhaps the closest the Jewish people ever had to an annus mirabilis, or more to the point, a Shanat Ness. 1948 and 67 was of course great years, and going back a few millenia we can have other candidates as well. But in 1993, it seemed, for a brief moment, to a vast plurality of Jews, that Jews may be able to live for a foreseeable future with both empowerment and peace without having to relinquish one or the other or both. In the wake of 1993, a new era in Jewish life was indeed born, but it was born out of the failures of 1993, not the successes, and the broad political, cultural, and religious agreements and asssumptions that once defined Jewish life have completely rent themselves asunder. But at the very last day of the year came the document that will probably stand for centuries as the ultimate memorial to the Shoah: Schindler's List. Don't listen to anyone who says that Schindler's List is anything but one of the greatest movies ever made - this is the document for all time that will convince generation after generation that the Shoah was very, very real, and anything but inevitable. Oscar Schindler saved 1200 Jews. Had five or eighteen thousand German businessmen decided to act as Schindler did, the Holocaust might have been avoided. A quarter-century later, Schindler's List comes to us not only as a document of terrible suffering, but of enormous hope that one day, somehow, this suffering can be prevented.
But if 1993 was a potential annus mirabilis in Jewish life, then perhaps 2013 was a potential annus mirabilis in African-American life. A black President had not just been elected but re-elected in a country where all such things were thought unthinkable just ten years earlier. This was the year of Trayvon Martin and George Zimmerman, it was the first of a long series of African-American shootings which became causes celebre which the internet allowed people to follow with enormous passion and fascination. The verdicts finding killers innocent of taking young African-American life had not yet been posted on facebook and twitter with regularity. Before the verdict finding George Zimmerman not guilty, one could be forgiven for convincing oneself for at least a few days that race relations truly had turned a corner. Out of the dashed hopes of the George Zimmerman verdict came the hashtag Black Lives Matter, and from there came an entirely new era in African-American life, which perhaps came from the realization that historic inequity would not be redressed. But in a similar historical coincidence, three months and five days after the Zimmerman verdict came 12 Years a Slave, which not only gives an inkling of slavery's full horror and enormity to a mass audience, but also, through portraying the abduction of Solomon Northup from a prosperous New York existence into slavery, demonstrated how even the most prosperous African-Americans must dread being trapped by the worst of America's historic torments. When the system could not protect him, it did not matter at all that Solomon Northup was a respected pillar of his community. Slavery as it existed in the 1830s exists no longer, but African Americans arrived in this country with a system built to minimize their autonomy, and a century and a half later we still live in a world in which the autonomy of even the most prosperous African-Americans can be minimized without any warning at all.
12 Years a Slave is a reckoning truly for the Obama era that gives us the smallest glimpse into horrors completely passed over beyond the historical record - probably because history's chroniclers were too ashamed of what we might discover. Much internet space was was made to debate the various historical inaccuracies, interpolations, composites, short-cuts, and of course these inaccuracies matter, but they matter because so much justice was done to the experience that after seeing the experience of slavery conveyed so ably, we owe it to ourselves to learn as much about the reality as possible even more than we did before its release. Finally, a movie has been made that conveys what slavery probably was. For a hundred-fifty years, nostalgists of the antebellum South would have us believe that slavery was a generally genteel institution in which slaves were well-treated albeit lesser members of a larger family. It doesn't matter to these people that there were literally thousands upon thousands of written documents that testified to its enormity of suffering; and if we multiply those documents with the statistical record, the probable enormity of its horror becomes beyond contemplation. Unfair as it might be, the screen is a much more vivid record than historical documents, and dares those who glamorize the old South to continue their whitewashing.
But what makes 12 Years a Slave still greater than its realism, which already gives off a bit of the spirit of Dante's Inferno, is the Shakespearean vividness of its character motivations. The American South, in all its larger-than-life dramas, is probably the most mythical region of the American imagination. Its various dialects invite characters of heightened speech to the outsider, and the characters of 12 Years a Slave often speak with a Shakespearean, or perhaps more to the point, Melvillian, grandeur that befits an American epic. Furthermore, just think of the various Southerners you know. So many people from the south are still unwittingly trapped within an historical maelstrom so much larger than themselves that they cannot help but be a hurricane of confused motivations and impulses, much as we all are, but perhaps still moreso; and reflecting that 12 Years a Slave is a still greater chamber of horrors than it seems, because the ultimate horror is its inferno of Stockholm Syndrome in which master perpetrates so many hateful crimes upon slave that from these hateful acts can be formed bonds of love, and love and hate intermingle in these interactions so freely that as in Shakespeare, the motivations of many characters can only ever be guessed, and often seem to change from second to second.
The controversies of 12 Years a Slave are those which bespeak a document of extreme importance. Slavery is an institution so medieval that we have no real idea of what it takes to implement it, and those who are made by it into subhumans are so banished from history that we have no idea precisely what they endured. While he was speaking of antiquity, George Orwell, of course, summed it up much better than anybody else probably ever could:
“When I think of antiquity, the detail that frightens me is that those hundreds of millions of slaves on whose backs civilization rested generation after generation have left behind them no record whatever. We do not even know their names. In the whole of Greek and Roman history, how many slaves' names are known to you? I can think of two, or possibly three. One is Spartacus and the other is Epictetus. Also, in the Roman room at the British Museum there is a glass jar with the maker's name inscribed on the bottom, 'FELIX FECIT'. I have a mental picture of poor Felix (a Gaul with red hair and a metal collar round his neck), but in fact he may not have been a slave; so there are only two slaves whose names I definitely know, and probably few people can remember more. The rest have gone down into utter silence.”Of course, slavery long predates America, and its chains are the fate of many billions of the hundred billion humans who've walked this earth. There is no way of remembering their fate, there is only the horrific realization that much of our supposed advancement has been upon their labor. Freud wasn't right about many things, but he was absolutely right about the human mind can be an incredibly decadent thing, and the more refinement the surface of a society seems to possess, the more savagery may exist just beneath it to make such pleasures possible. Southern savagery to blacks was the ultimate indictment of civilisation-with-an-s as we once thought of it, an entire society of politeness and gentility and refinement, built by literally trillions of savage acts taking place just ten feet away. A healthy society, primed for historical advancement, is not a society of luxury and refinement, but a raw, noisy, practically ungovernable society, in which the baser urges of human beings exist obnoxiously at the surface, and the veneer of politeness and hospitality disappear, because where conflicts are more well-stated, they can be resolved rather than repressed. Ask yourself why over the course of American history the South declined in influence while New York became the center of American life.
12 Years a Slave was a watershed in American culture, it signified a breaking of the dam. It was filmed in an era of relative optimism in which it was thought possible that a confrontation with the enormity of slavery's could happen with relatively minimal rancor - but in the case of such a damaging, horrific institution, a minimum of rancor is never possible. The real confrontation begins now, in the era of Trump, of Black Lives Matter, of internet information, of police body cameras and true knowledge about mass incarceration and fake news. The old truism goes that Europe can never forgive Jews for the Holocaust. It's a great saying, because the Shoah is the constant reminder that all the great European achievements, all the refinement, all the civility, only increased the continent's ability to to act like animals. But relatively few Jews live in Europe anymore, how much more true is it that Americans can never forgive blacks for slavery?
How greatly the world seemed changed from 2013 to 2017. We all were there, there isn't much need for reminder how. But what's important to remember is how such crises are created. Eras like this are not eras of relative hardship. Even in the worst of it, nobody can say that America is worse off today than it was during almost all of its history, the problem is that eras like this can certainly lead to such eras of much worse deprivation, so this is, rather, an era of post-traumatic stress, when the full extent of previous humiliation occurs to people, and as so often happens when people live in surroundings that should make them happy, they feel miserable because all they can think of is the struggle it took to get them here, and how miserably hard it was to achieve something so short of their dreams.
And this is why it's doubly impressive that Get Out is, paradoxically, a movie of such optimism. Optimism you say? In a horror movie? Well yes, at least I'd argue that it is. When you left Get Out, what was your ultimate feeling? Was it disturbance and horror or was it elation and delight? Get Out is not a masterpiece and it's been a bit overpraised, but that doesn't mean it isn't an awesome movie. Please excuse this term, but I think Get Out is much more intended as a black comedy, an extremely good one, that uses its horror as a ruse. Perhaps the result isn't great enough to earn its million thinkpieces, but yes, it's a pretty awesome movie, and a brilliant work of subversive political activism in ways that were probably mostly intentional. In a way that's particularly odd for such a politically charged movie, one of Get Out's most obvious influences is Woody Allen, because like so many Woody Allen movies, there are parallel stories; one is generally dramatic, the other's obviously comic, and perhaps either could have made a better movie on its own, but both are enjoyable enough that you go along with it even if one inevitably undercuts the momentum of the other. Get Out is both incredibly disturbing, much more disturbing than actively frightening, and thanks to Rod Williams, incredibly hilarious, and the end is ultimately happy - the hilarity seems to win out over the horror with the line (recording) 'I'm TS motherfuckin' A. We handle shit. That's what we do. Consider this situation fuckin' handled.' Those who watch Key and Peele might wonder if this should be considered a vague tribute to TSA after their famous TSA skit that ripped the organization to shreds, but more important is to remember that the original ending was very different, with Daniel Kayuula's character being apprehended by the police, and being sent to death row. A ending of defeat rather than triumph would have made for a stronger movie, and truly been an ending that would have tipped the scale from comedy toward horror. But that ending would both have tapped into the zeitgeist so directly that depending on how it was... er... handled... perhaps it also would have seemed a little too obvious, particularly for the era of Black Lives Matter, but more importantly, the cultural impact would have been very different, and the mass appeal might have been much more muted. Artfully as the movie was done with so many political statements, the ending is a testament to Get Out being more intended as entertainment than art, and the reactions to it ultimately have a little more to say about the culture than the movie itself. In order for the movie to have mass appeal, the premise is disturbing enough that the audience needs a triumphant ending.
What can I really say about Get Out that you can't read in a million webzines right now? The whole world has seen it, and I could give lots of notes about my opinions about various scenes, but the single greatest strength of Get Out is its indifference to the opinions of white people. We, white liberals, are the ones being attacked, so no matter how much we love it, the only white fear it plays to is the obvious truth that the various ways we support African Americans are a lot more harmful than we think they are. Our reactions to it almost don't matter at all, and merely to have a box office super-hit that is so indifferent to white reactions is a triumph and milestone in African-American life. By the movie being so specific in the targets of both its ire and its sympathy, it has a far more universal sense of empathy than many films about African-American tragedies which earnestly try to educate audiences like Selma and the 2015 Birth of a Nation. The central conceit of the movie, a brilliant one, is to reverse the most basic sense of white panic at feeling like the only white person in a city. Hell, even that statement feels too centered on white perceptions, but cinematic language is grounded in that perception, and to alter that perception, the language itself needs to be stood on its head. Think of the opening credits - we've already seen an opening in which a black man, uneasy in upper-middle-class suburbia, is beaten and kidnapped. We then see a city scape, not particularly clean. African Americans from cities may think of home, but many white Americans probably think of vague panic, and immediately it switches to what appears to be the window from a car in a road in a forest, driving out from the city into the woods of suburbia in a grey sky and uneasy music. Immediately, the white experience of leaving the city is reversed, and we realize that this is not an experience of returning to the comforts of home, but of leaving them. It's moments like this which do more to make people understand other points of view than any number of political message movies.
And then, there is Moonlight. Not at all an optimistic movie, but a hopeful one, in which we go still much further down into the margins of American life than Get Out to the African American men of the projects, born to violence and drugs, likely to be incarcerated, possible to be murdered, and to add curse upon curse, attracted to other men. Perhaps we have reached the very margin of America in the character of Chiron, a character who perhaps has the most strikes against his happiness that American life can possibly offer - I'm sure his name is meant to echo Charon, the river boatman of Greek mythology who ferries the newly dead to Hades over the river Styx, because Chiron's life is living death, a man barely able to express himself amid so many disadvantages. At every age we see Chiron, he's barely able to get a single word out, and expresses few meaningful things except the occasional tear that escapes from his puppy dog eyes.
The critical reception for Moonlight dwarfed even 12 Years a Slave. I don't think that's quite deserved. As I said earlier, the inferno of Stockholm Syndrome makes for Shakespearean shifts within the characters of hidden motivations from moment to moment, even second to second. But what is beneath the surface of Chiron is much more obvious: deep sadness, terror, and homoerotic desire. Chiron's character does not change from moment to moment, let alone scene to scene. At nine years old, he's as fully formed in his inner life as he is in his mid-twenties - and while that's no doubt the point and there is much interest in seeing the facades he projects at different ages, it does not make for an evolution that is interesting enough to sustain two complete hours of fascination with this character. If the brutality of 12 Years a Slave does not invite more than seldom viewings, perhaps the seeming infinity of implied meanings in Moonlight invites repeat viewing all too willingly.
Surfaces are always beguiling, and they can show reflections back at us not only of ourselves, but of what we want to see. In the case of Moonlight, what many viewers want to see is a story of American life at the very bottom of its ladder and an allegory of toxic masculinity. Perhaps that's what it is, but in order to tell that story, there must be a very limited palate of meanings, and the few meanings the movie clearly does allow us are a little bit confused. Perhaps to its credit, the movie never decides if it really wants to be about eros or about tragedy, but it would be a stronger movie were the two allowed to intermingle more freely, and since the ending is clearly hopeful enough to suggest a change in Chiron's fate, the story finally dampens the urgency of Chiron's pathos.
This movie clearly strikes a note of hope that a change in American life has come, and the Chirons of America may now have a greater chance to live and breathe freely. Such a hopeful conclusion lays waste to the charge of a number of critics from conservative publications and leanings that this is a fashionably liberal movie about victimization. The truth is, it might have been a still stronger movie if it was.
Moonlight's title is taken from a monologue from Juan, the Cuban-born drug dealer and father figure to Chiron, who told a story of how a white Cuban woman called him 'Blue' because in moonlight black boys look blue. While the symbolic meanings inherent in that sentence can be infinite, it nevertheless suggests we should not look too deeply. Beneath the surface of this movie is a deeper surface, but a surface nevertheless. The meaning of the movie is implicit in its skin color, and therefore, in the abused engine of American life, the black body.
And therefore, what Chiron cannot express, the movie does everything it can to express for him. As has been said in just about every review, this is one of the most brilliantly, beautifully filmed movies it's possible to see, and there are dozens of expressive moments so subtle that they're easy to miss. The beauty of the filming is, in itself, clearly a metaphor for Chiron's erotic desire, and the film clearly points our focus to the body more than to the soul or consciousness. It utilizes the languor of the Florida beach and vegetation for sensuality, and I'm sure that is why Miami is the location rather than the Bronx or Detroit.
But I can't escape the sense that perhaps the movie is a bit over-filmed, and uses the razzle-dazzle of cinematographic lighting to cover the lack of thematic development. The most important interactions between Chiron and Kevin happen over so short a period that it's a little difficult to believe that the bond between them was so well-established by the third segment. Also, spoiler alert, I'm giving you ten seconds to move the time on the podcast a minute ahead,... ...I find it a little difficult to believe that Chiron, as successful a drug dealer as he clearly became, is not possessed of enough self confidence to find an outlet for his desires. Nevertheless, there is a kind of beauty in the intimacy between Chiron and Kevin that expresses not only the universal desire for greater vulnerability, but also for the future of an America that allows for men of a different nature than traditional masculinity to pursue their happiness.
I am not a believer in toxic masculinity. I believe there is masculinity, period, and the most potentially dangerous thing in the world a cultural movement can do is to try to make men feel shame for their aggression - which many men are neuro-hydro-chemically wired to think of as emasculation. Unless you're willing to countenance eugenics, testosterone will always be there, and it will find a behavioral outlet. I do not believe that gender is performative, and while there is a little bit of new scientific evidence to show that gender does not matter nearly as much as it seems, it is still an overwhelming minority of evidence and the idea that gender is merely a social construct must be considered as much a pseudo-science as climate change being fake. Should greater evidence present itself, I will be all too willing to change my mind because it would solve a lot of problems with human behavior. What is true, nevertheless, is that gender, like sexuality itself, is very much a spectrum on which billions of people are hurled by life somewhere into a middle, or even to a side, and humanity still accommodates an extreme paucity of opportunities to explore the self-expression of individuals that could improve the quality of life of billions. Like so many things people want to change about the human condition, masculinity and its desire for aggression is going nowhere. What must, however, be done, is to find more productive outlets for masculinity so that those trapped by masculinity's strictures - those masculine people who are trapped within their more destructive masculine urges, and those less masculine people who are trapped by them - both of can live much more freely if masculinity's aggression is given properly constructive outlets: it shouldn't be considered a coincidence that organized sports - playing, watching, consuming, has taken off so meteorically in this long peacetime of ours. For so many men, sports is what in many senses, gives them greater reason to live.
What Moonlight expresses is not the dangers of toxic masculinity, but the, we pray, not soon eliminated hope that different kinds of men are allowed to pursue their happiness within masculinity's spectrum; just as it expresses hope that African-Americans from the most detrimental circumstances can pursue such happiness. Moonlight is a testament to just how difficult it is to be from the bottom rung of American society, but it it's also a seismographic recording that even at the bottom of American society, even in the year of such racial hatred that would elect Donald Trump, there was and still is hope for those circumstances to change.
